Liu, P., J. Lu, H. Zhou and G. Sokolow, “Operational Effects of U-Turns as Alternatives to Direct Left-Turns,” Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 133, Issue 5 (2007)

Fernandez, J., & L. Marcus. “Network Planning: Developing a Multimodal Approach.” ITE Journal, (2009) pp. 30-39.

City of Boulder, Colorado. Transportation Master Plan. (updated 2008) [Online] http://www.bouldercolorado.gov/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=331&Itemid=1616

North Carolina Department of Transportation, Median Crossover Guidelines, (January 2004) 

Hovey, P., R. Chowdhury, Y. Zhou, and R. Fries, “Evaluating the Safety Performance of Adding a Two-way Left-turn Lane to an Undivided Cross-section,” Journal of Public Works and Infrastructure, Vol. 2, Issue 4 (2010)

Phillips, S., D. Carter, J. Hummer, R. Foyle. Effects of Increased U-Turns at Intersections on Divided Facilities and Median Divided Versus Five-Lane Undivided Benefits, prepared for North Carolina Department of Transportation, FHWA/NC/2004-07 (2004) [See also Carter, D., J. Hummer, R. Foyle, and S. Phillips. “Operational and Safety Effects of U-turns at Signalized Intersections, TRR 1912, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington D.C., 2005, pp. 11-18.]

Florida Department of Transportation Research Project BDK 84: TWO 977-19: Landscaping of Highway Medians at Intersections, (in progress)

      For many years, the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) has limited the landscaping

of highway medians at or near intersections. These limitations, detailed in Index 546 of the

Williams, K. “Tallahassee-Leon County Corridor Management Program,” Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Access Management, Transportation Research Board, Kansas City, Missouri, (2004)

City of Orlando, Transportation Element: Goals, Objectives, and Policies. Approved August 12, 1991, Amended November 1, 2010. 

K. Williams and V. Stover, “Access Management for Small and Medium-Sized Communities,” Proceedings of the 8th National Conference on Transportation Planning for Small and Medium-Sized Communities, Transportation Research Board, Cincinnati, OH, (2002)

      This paper includes specific steps for developing a local government access management program, as well as suggested comprehensive plan policies and development regulations.

This comprehensive toolkit includes a series of access management concepts in the form of frequently asked questions and answers, as well as access management treatments, case studies and literature review. It is supplemented with tables and figures to illustrate each point, and an overview of key techniques. It also includes specific information on the importance of access management for pedestrians, such as the following:

“What are some other corridor design features that help pedestrians?

Wardany v. City of San Jacinto, Dist. Court, CD California (2011)

Rucci v. Cranberry Twp., 130 Fed. Appx. 572, U.S. App. (2005)

Galvis v. State, Dept. of Transp., 167 P. 3d 584 - Wash: Court of Appeals, 2nd Div. 2007

      This landmark case questions the constitutionality of the Highway Access Management Act (HAMA).  The contention lies over the fact that while HAMA authorizes a taking of private property by the state, it allows an administrative hearing instead of a jury trial. 

City of Jacksonville v. Twin Restaurants, 953 So. 2d 720 - Fla: Dist. Court of Appeals, 1st Dist. (2007)

Hutchins, B., Chief Deputy Attorney General, “Use of Police Power,” presented at the 83rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, January 2004. 

Thiel, J. Highway Access Laws and Control, Plat User Group Conference, Wisconsin Department of Transportation (2006)

            This paper outlines key legal considerations in access control authority of Wisconsin Department of Transportation and local government and details these considerations through an analysis of Wisconsin case law.

National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Selected Studies in Transportation Law, Volume 2, Eminent Domain (2008).

These studies are written for public transportation agencies. Volume 2 is organized into seven sections:

Forsyth County and Winston Salem North Carolina, City-County Planning Board, Metro Activity Center Design Guidelines: Recommendations for Developing Focused, Mixed-Use Commercial/Residential Centers (2003)

            These design guidelines provide an overview of the land use and network characteristics important to the design of regional activity centers. They include general guidance on circulation, parking and pedestrian access as well as site plan elements, and desirable land use mix.

City of San Diego Land Guidance System, Transit-Oriented Development Design Guidelines, prepared by Calthorpe and Associates, (1992)

Alba, C. and E. Beimborn. Relationship between land use patterns and highway widening, Center for Urban Transportation Studies, University of Wisconsin (2004). [Alba, C. and E. Beimborn. “Analysis of the Effects of Local Street Connectivity on Arterial Traffic,” Proceedings of the 84th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, January 2005.]

Bared, J., Displaced Left-Turn Intersection, TechBrief, FHWA-HRT-09-055 (2009)